VOJNA LJECILISTA NA KVARNERU U AUSTRO-UGARSKOJ MONARHIJI I BRIGA ZA UNAPREDENJE CASNICKOG ZDRAVLJA / [Military Health Resorts in Kvarner in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Care for Improving Officer Health]

The health of officers (as well as the entire army) is exposed to additional risks due to the performance of various life-threatening tasks for the needs of the state. Therefore, it is not unusual for the state to take care of the health of its officers (as well as the army) through a system of Vojvodina medical care or specialised society through the construction of military or officer health resorts [Militärkurhaus / Offizierskurhaus] with the provision of medical/ health services. The subject of this paper is the relationship between architecture and the provision of military-medical services of officer/military health resorts built by the Society of the White Cross [Gesellschaft vom Weißen Kreuze] in Kvarner at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The research is based on data collected from Austrian architectural, medical and tourist magazines and yearbooks of Austrian Society of the White Cross. The results of the research contribute to a better understanding of the improvement of the health of officers, the development of the architecture of health buildings [Kurhaus] and the entire history of medicine and health tourism in the Croatian Adriatic.

[300 years of the first Russian resort. History of studies of Marcial Waters]. / Pervomu russkomu kurortu - 300 let. Istoriia izucheniia martsial'nykh vod.

The article presents the main stages of studying the mineral ferruginous waters of the first Russian spa 'Marcial Waters', the beginning of the 300-year history of which is associated with the name of Peter I. It gives the results of studies of natural sources in the 18th and 19th centuries. Studies of the mineral waters during the exploration and exploitation of the field in the 20th century have shown that in the local area, wells open confined groundwater that has various mineralization and iron content and forms the characteristic hydrochemical type of mineral water called marcial. It is noted that the results of the long-term, but insufficiently regular and analytically comprehensive series of observations of the composition of an extremely unstable system of ferruginous waters do not allow one to unequivocally identify seasonal and long-term changes in the composition of the water. Regular isotope-chemical studies, which began in 2018, will make it possible to identify the patterns of formation of unique fresh high-iron waters.

[The Kiran health resort in the Republic of Buryatia: the past and the present]. / Kurort Kiran v Respublike Buriatiia: istoriia i sovremennost'.

This article presents the overview of the history of the Kiran health resort located in the Kyakhta district of the Republic of Buryatia at the shore of Lake Kiran. The Kiran health resort which has the 167-year history is one of the oldest resorts in Siberia and the Far East. The foundation of the resort dates back to 1850 when the first clinic for the soldiers and Cossacks of the Siberian Linear Battalion was set up on the lake shore. It existed till 1862. In 1885, the industrial use of the lake waters began for the extraction of table salt and caustic soda. This practice lasted for more than forty years and ceased only in 1928 when the further production of these substances was considered to be unprofitable and the resources of raw materials became depleted. During the Soviet period, the Kiran health resort has been functioning on the lake shore since 1924 until 1949 when the mud baths were constructed and opened. At present, the resort is going through bad times, and its modernization is urgently needed if its valuable curative factors are to be preserved. It will require the adequate governmental and private investments. To evaluate the prospects for the functioning of the health resort in the future, it is necessary to carry out a series of comprehensive investigations aimed at the assessment of its present-day potential. The Kiran health resort has the promising prospects for the further development, taking into consideration the demands for the treatment and rehabilitation of the population of Siberia and the Far East based on the available experience with the management of various pathological conditions.

[The Danish history of rehabilitation - and what is the doctor's role in the future?]

Not least tuberculosis caused the growth of many spas. In Denmark, the Society for Physical Therapy and Dietetic was formed in 1902, and in 1921 it changed its name to the Danish Physiatrists Society, later the Danish Society for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation. In the early 1980's the National Board of Health decided, that all specialties should rehabilitate patients within their own area, and the specialty for rehabilitation was abolished. Therefore, all doctors need to have knowledge of the biopsychosocial model and the involvement of other professional groups and sectors.

Histoire du thermalísme à Avène-les-Bains et genèse de l'eau thermale d'Avène: History of thermalism at Avène-les-Bains and genesis of the Avène thermal spring water.

Avene thermal spring water is recognized for more than two centuries for its benefits on skin diseases. Since 1975, the Pierre Fabre Group has modernized the facilities, and developed the brand « Eau Thermal Avène ¼, allowing more than 2,500 patients/year to be treated by this therapeutic water. The regulation requires high standards on origin, bacteriological purity and physico-chemical stability. Many works have allowed us to understand its origin, its underground path and identify its specific physico-chemical profile. Finally, thanks to its therapeutic properties verified in various clinical studies, the « Eau Thermal Avène ¼ is the first active ingredient of a variety of products for sensitive skin.

Dr Jekels' health resort in Bystra near Bielsko: the first treatment centre which adopted psychoanalysis in Poland. / Sanatorium doktora Jekelsa w Bystrej kolo Bielska ­ pierwszy polski zaklad leczniczy poslugujacy sie psychoanaliza.

The paper sets out to present the history of a health resort and hydrotherapy centre in Bystra near Bielsko from 1898 to 1912. At that time Dr Ludwik Jekels, one of the Polish psychoanalysis forerunners, was the owner of the centre. Initially, Dr Jekels was very enthusiastic about climatic treatment and hydrotherapy, until 1905 when he got interested in psychoanalysis. Shortly afterwards he became its staunch supporter and adopted it as a curative procedure in his health resort. That was the first documented case of psychoanalysis use in Poland. This paper presents the development of the therapeutic centre in Bystra and the characteristic of typical patients receiving treatment there. It also briefly reports on medical histories of the conditions of patients who received psychoanalytic treatment. The paper also focuses on another significant area of Dr Jekels'contact with Sigmund Freud ranging from an accidental meeting in Vienna around 1898, through the summer of 1910 when Jekels looked after Freud's daughters in his spa, to 1912 which saw Jekels'receiving psychoanalytic treatment from Freud. It also presents a detailed analysis of hypotheses why Jekels decided to sell the health resort and move to Vienna. Finally, the significance of Jekels'currently underrated therapeutic work for the development of the Polish psychoanalysis is reiterated.

[IMMUNOREHABILITOLOGY: A LOOK FROM THE SOURCES TO THE FUTURE. FROM IMMUNOTHERAPY TO PERSONALIZED TARGETED IMMUNOREHABLITATION].

Development and introduction of modern clinical diagnostic tests (that allow to evaluate the functional system of immune homeostasis) into medical practice, a huge body of evidence on the leading role of the immune system in pathogenesis most acute and chronic diseases and even identification of specific nosological forms of immune-mediated diseases forced the scientists to search and develop new tools and techniques that have therapeutic effects on the impaired immune homeostasis and restore it to the normal state. The introduction of a new concept - immunorehabilitation - was an impetus for the accumulation of new knowledge and a catalyst for research in clinical immunology. It was Revaz Sepiashvili who breathed life into the concept of immunorehabilitation. He was lucky to be at its origi. He became not only the founder of the brand new scientific field - immunorehabilitation, but also the founder of a new medical science - immunorehablitology. In this paper, the author returns to the roots and recalls the way that medical science has gone before coming to understand immunorehablitology and tells readers about current successes and its development prospects.

[The Shmakovka health resort: the history and the current status]. / Kurort Shmakovka: istoriya i sovremennost'.

The authors distinguish three periods in the history of the «Shmakovka¼ health resort, viz. pre-revolutionary (from 1870 to 1917), Soviet (from 1917 to 1991) and modern (since 1992 up to the present time). The history of the discovery and the initial development of the mineral springs is highlighted, the foundation and evolution of the major facilities of the «Shmakovka¼ health resort in the years of socialist construction in the Soviet period is described. Information about the main areas of research carried out based at these facilities at different times is presented. Special attention is given to the various aspects of the sustainable development of the «Shmakovka¼ health resort in the context of the current tendencies toward activation of the import substitution activities with special reference to the organization of tourism in this country, strengthening of the material-technical base of the health centers, improvement of the quality of medical and health services, and further development of scientific research.

[Ernst Rehm and the Neufriedenheim sanatorium]. / Ernst Rehm und die Kuranstalt Neufriedenheim.

In two separate papers, two participants of the Weimar congress are identified on the famous conigress photo for the first time. --Stephan von Minden provides a pioneering biographical sketch of the Munich neurologist A. Ludwig. Co-founder of the Munich IPA branch in 1911, and friend of the poet Else Lasker-Schüler and the educational reformer Paul Geheeb, Ludwig played a certain role in cultural history as a member of the "Munich bohemian scene" and head of a "medical family resort". --Reinhard Lampe highlights the life and work of psychiatrist E. Rehm, also a founding member of the Munich IPA branch. He directed a private sanatorium and exerted a considerable influence on medical politics in Munich for many years. An ardent National Socialist, Rehm sold his sanatorium to the Nazis in 1941.

Dr. Józef Aleksiewicz Activity in Support of the Development of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Iwonicz-Zdrój (1921-1957).

Based on source materials in the possession of Józef Aleksiewicz family (typescripts, manuscripts, photographs, other documents) and articles published in professional medical journals and newspapers, the authors present the contribution of Dr. J. Aleksiewicz to the development of orthopedics and rehabilitation in Iwonicz-Zdrój. In May 1921, he was appointed Surgeon General of the Spa Commission in Iwonicz-Zdrój. After holding several scholarly trips abroad in 1925 to sanatoriums treating cases of osteo-articular tuberculosis, he commenced the construction of "Sanato", a modern sanatorium. Opened in 1930, it was the only center in Poland treating osteo-articular tuberculosis in a spa setting. It was the first orthopedic rehabilitation center in what is now Podkarpackie Voivodship offering diagnostic work-up, surgery and conservative treatment of osteo-articular tuberculosis in children. Modelled on the best Western centers, Dr. Aleksiewicz widely employed physical methods, such as Swedish therapeutic gymnastics, mechanotherapy, massage, physical therapy and hydrotherapy.

Activity of Dr Józef Aleksiewicz, PhD, Towards the Development of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Lviv in the Years 1912-1930.

The article describes the work of Dr Aleksiewicz towards the development of orthopedics and rehabilitation in Lviv in the years 1912-1930 based on source materials belonging to his family and articles published in medical journals and daily press. In 1919, Dr Aleksiewicz established a Surgical and Orthopedic Department and a factory of prostheses at the Disabled House in Lviv. He also formed a 200-bed division for the visually impaired with basket- and comb-making workshops as well as massage and typing courses. It was an innovative undertaking aiming to provide surgical treatment, orthopaedic aids and rehabilitation for victims of World War I. From 1919, Dr Aleksiewicz ran his Private Orthopedic Clinic with Factory of orthopaedic aids and pro-stheses" at 2 Friedrichów St. in Lviv. He specialised in therapy of surgical tuberculosis, fractures, dislocations and abnormal spinal curvatures. His work in Lviv in the period 1912-1930 undeniably contributed to the development of orthopaedics and rehabilitation, which were new medical specialties at the time.

[Health resort "Marfinskiy" celebrates the 85th anniversary].

The history of foundation of the military health resort Marfinskiyo is represented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the organization and content of medical diagnostic work sanatorium, modern methods of treatment in a sanatorium.

[Annenskie mineral waters: the history of discovery (the 150th anniversary of the balneotherapeutic centre spa "Annenskie waters")].

The present article is an attempt to create a complete picture of the history of foundation of the first Far East balneotherapeutic spa centre known as "Annenskie waters". This article brings together the legends and historical information concerning this locality dated since 1858 up to the present time. The main stages of the development of the medical centre are reviewed starting from the period of unorganized chaotic attendance to the creation of the modern comfortable spa facility, building new bathrooms, halls, dormitories, dining and auxiliary premises. The process of developing and extending indications for the medical application of Annenskie mineral waters is followed backward in the past. The first report on the clinical effectiveness of Annenskie waters is presented. The contribution made by several historical figures to the development of the balneotherapeutic centre is described.

[From the Russian Balneological Society to innovative technologies of spa and health resort-based treatment. The 95th anniversary of the Pyatigorsk State Research Institute of Balneology].

This article is dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the Federal state budgetary institution "Pyatigorsk State Research Institute of Balneology", Russian Federal Medico-Biological Agency. The main stages of the development of the institution are described with special reference to its scientific achievements and the principal lines of current activities.

[The treatment of patients with circulatory system pathology in health resorts "Tarkhovskii" and "Priozerskii"].

The authors showed the history of foundation and development of health resorts "Tarkhovsky" and "Priozersky", as well as an analysis of the treatment of patients with circulatory system diseases in these health resorts. It was found that the structure of patients fitted the profile of health resorts and in recent years has remained stable. Patients with circulatory system diseases accounted for 47.8%. The existing system of medical rehabilitation and restorative treatment of patients with diseases of the circulatory system in the health resorts "Tarkhovsky" and "Priozersky" ensures the implementation in full rehabilitation and recovery programs for all categories of contingent attached.

Hydrotherapeutic institutions in the Austro-Hungarian health resort Abbazia / Opatija owned by the South Railways Company.

The South Railways Company built two hydrotherapeutic institutions Warm baths (Warmbade-Pavillion) and Hydrotherapeutic Institution (Hydropatische Anstalt) in the Angiolina Park in Opatija in 1884. The both institutions were in operation till 1904. Due to the deterioration of the both hydrotherapeutic institutions and increasing number of guests (in 1899 - 4009 guests, in 1902 - 19.001 guests) the South Railways Company built in 1902-1904 new modern hydrotherapeutic treatment institution the Covered Bath of the Archduke Ludwig Viktor (Erherzog Ludwig Viktor Bad). The leading physician (dirigierender Arzt) of these institutions was Professor Dr. Julius Glax, who added the thalassotherapy to the balneology. In 1907 the post of the leading physician of the Covered Bath of the Archduke Ludvig Victor (Erherzog Ludwig Viktor Bad) took over Dr. Albert Nussbaum. The Covered Bath of the Archduke Ludvig Victor institution was operating till 1919, when it was transformed into a hotel.